Every business is involved in financial instruments in some way. The required accounting can be challenging even for seemingly straightforward arrangements. IAS 39 and IAS 32 are two of the most complex IFRS standards – they are lengthy, use technical language and often take a rule-based approach. Detailed examination of the standards, and specialist advice, may be needed to determine the required accounting. The specific challenges will of course vary between businesses – this guide is aimed at typical commercial businesses rather than financial institutions or sophisticated treasury operations. A CFO of such a business may not need to understand all the complexities of IAS 39 and IAS 32 but he or she should know what to look out for and when to drill down further.